Northrop Frye

NORTHROP FRYE - ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM

Hello everyone...

This blog based on thinking activity on Northrop Frye - Archetypal criticism , assigned by dilip Barad sir. In which I'm going to discuss about what is Archetypal criticism, it's Importance and these elements in Hamlet and so on.

Archetypal Criticism:- 

■ Archetypal literary criticism is a type of critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on archetypes (symbols, images, and character types) in a literary work.

■ By recognizing conscious and unconscious symbols, we can see why we relate emotions, values, feelings, to specific images.

■ Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, that a text's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths.

■ Archetypal images and story patterns encourage readers to examine basic beliefs, fears, and anxieties.

What is Frye trying to prove by giving an analogy of 'Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'?

In his essay "The Critical Path: An Essay on the Social Context of Literary Criticism," Northrop Frye employs the analogy of physics to nature and criticism to literature to elucidate the role and purpose of literary criticism. Frye contends that just as physics seeks to uncover the fundamental laws governing the natural world, literary criticism endeavors to uncover the underlying principles governing literature.

Frye's analogy begins with the premise that physics endeavors to understand the fundamental laws governing the natural world. In a similar vein, criticism seeks to understand the underlying principles governing literature. Just as physicists seek to uncover the laws of nature through observation and experimentation, literary critics analyze texts to discern the recurring patterns, archetypes, and themes that shape literary works. Just as physics provides a framework for understanding the physical universe, criticism provides a framework for understanding the literary universe.

Furthermore, Frye suggests that both physics and criticism move beyond mere description to seek deeper understanding. Physicists aim to formulate theories that explain observed phenomena and predict future outcomes, while literary critics seek to interpret texts in ways that illuminate their deeper meanings and significance. Both disciplines are concerned with uncovering the underlying structures and principles that govern their respective domains, whether it be the laws of motion in physics or the narrative conventions in literature.

Moreover, Frye's analogy highlights the interconnectedness of literature and the broader cultural and intellectual context in which it exists. Just as physics is influenced by developments in mathematics, technology, and philosophy, literature is shaped by historical, social, and cultural forces. Literary criticism, therefore, serves not only to analyze individual works but also to illuminate the larger cultural and intellectual currents that inform them.

Additionally, Frye's analogy underscores the role of criticism in expanding our understanding of literature and its significance. Just as physics has deepened our understanding of the physical universe and led to technological advancements, criticism enriches our appreciation of literature and its role in human culture. By uncovering the underlying structures and principles of literature, criticism enables us to see beyond the surface of texts and appreciate their richness and complexity.

Northrop Frye's analogy of physics to nature and criticism to literature provides a valuable framework for understanding the aims and methods of literary criticism. By drawing parallels between the scientific study of the physical world and the interpretive study of literature, Frye illuminates the underlying principles and structures that govern both domains. Through this analogy, we gain a deeper appreciation of literature as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon shaped by cultural, historical, and intellectual forces. Ultimately, Frye's analogy highlights the essential role of criticism in expanding our understanding of literature and its significance in human culture.

My views of Criticism as an organized body of knowledge. Mention the relation of literature with history and philosophy.:- 

In the context of Northrop Frye's work, the relationship between literature, history, and philosophy takes on a significant role in understanding the deeper implications of literary criticism. Frye's approach to criticism emphasizes the interconnectedness of literature with broader cultural and intellectual currents, suggesting that literary texts are deeply embedded within historical and philosophical contexts.

Frye's analogy of criticism to literature as physics to nature highlights the systematic and analytical nature of literary criticism. Just as physics seeks to uncover the fundamental laws governing the natural world, criticism aims to uncover the underlying principles and structures that govern literature. In this sense, criticism becomes a disciplined inquiry into the nature of literary expression, seeking to understand the patterns, archetypes, and themes that recur across different works and genres.

Moreover, Frye's emphasis on the relationship between literature and history underscores the importance of understanding literary texts within their historical contexts. Literature often reflects the social, political, and cultural realities of the time in which it is produced, and critics must take these factors into account when interpreting literary works. By situating literature within its historical context, critics can better understand the motivations of authors, the cultural influences shaping their work, and the ways in which literature both reflects and responds to historical events and developments.

Similarly, Frye's engagement with philosophy enriches our understanding of literature by highlighting the philosophical dimensions of literary texts. Literature has long been a vehicle for exploring fundamental questions about the nature of existence, morality, consciousness, and the human condition. Philosophical ideas and debates permeate literary works, whether through explicit philosophical dialogue or through the thematic exploration of philosophical concepts. By drawing on philosophical frameworks, critics can analyze and interpret these thematic elements, offering insights into the philosophical implications of literary texts.

In essence, within Frye's framework, the relationship between literature, history, and philosophy is central to the study of criticism. By exploring the interconnectedness of these disciplines, critics can gain a deeper understanding of literature as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that both reflects and shapes human culture and thought. Through systematic analysis and interpretation, critics can uncover the underlying principles and structures that govern literary expression, illuminating the significance of literature within broader intellectual and cultural contexts.

Briefe explaination of the inductive method with an illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

In Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," the Grave Digger's scene offers an illustration of the inductive method in action. In this scene, Hamlet encounters a gravedigger who is digging Ophelia's grave. As they converse, Hamlet observes the gravedigger's actions and engages in a series of questions and answers, leading to deeper insights.

Using the inductive method, Hamlet starts with specific observations about the gravedigger's work, such as the physical labor involved in digging the grave and the casual attitude of the gravedigger towards death. From these observations, Hamlet begins to draw broader conclusions about the nature of mortality, the inevitability of death, and the equality of all in death's eyes.

For example, when Hamlet asks whose grave is being dug, the gravedigger responds with humor, revealing that it is for someone who "was a woman." This observation leads Hamlet to reflect on the universality of death, as he considers how regardless of status or identity, all eventually meet the same fate.

Through the dialogue between Hamlet and the gravedigger, the inductive method is employed as Hamlet moves from specific observations to broader insights about life, death, and the human condition. This scene exemplifies how the inductive method allows individuals to derive general principles or conclusions from the careful examination of specific instances or observations.

Briefe explaination of the deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm, and pattern. Give examples of the outcomes of the deductive method.

The deductive method is a logical approach where one starts with a general premise or theory and then applies it to specific instances to draw conclusions. It involves moving from the general to the specific, making predictions based on established principles. In the context of an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm, and pattern, we can understand the deductive method through the lens of artistic creation.

Imagine a composer setting out to create a musical composition using a deductive approach. The composer begins with a broad musical theory, such as a specific scale or rhythm pattern, and then applies it to compose individual notes and melodies. The predetermined musical structure serves as the guiding principle, and the specific elements of the composition, like chords or transitions, are derived deductively from that overarching theory.

Similarly, in painting, an artist might start with a deductive approach by establishing a specific color palette, brushstroke technique, or artistic style. The general principles of the chosen style guide the artist in creating specific details, scenes, or characters within a painting.

Outcomes of the deductive method in these artistic examples include cohesive musical compositions with a consistent rhythm or harmonious paintings that adhere to a particular style or theme. The deductive approach allows artists to create works that exhibit a sense of unity and coherence based on the predefined principles they've chosen to follow.

Regarding the Indian seasonal grid, an archetypal approach to a poem could involve drawing upon traditional themes associated with different seasons in Indian culture. For example, a poem about the arrival of monsoon might evoke themes of renewal, growth, and the rhythmic patter of rain. Applying the deductive method, one could use these general seasonal themes to interpret specific details in the poem. The monsoon imagery may be linked to the idea of rebirth or the cyclical nature of life, drawing on archetypal associations with the seasonal grid.

Unfortunately, I cannot read specific poems or analyze them due to limitations in my capabilities. However, you can apply the deductive method by identifying general themes associated with the Indian seasonal grid and using them to interpret specific details within the poem.

Conclusion:- 

In conclusion, the exploration of literary criticism through Frye's analogy, the deductive and inductive methods, and the application of archetypal interpretation to Indian seasonal grids offers a comprehensive understanding of the depth and complexity inherent in the study of literature. Frye's analogy illuminates the systematic nature of criticism and its interconnectedness with history and philosophy, while the deductive method provides a structured approach to analyzing artistic creations, such as music and painting. Conversely, the inductive method allows for insights to be drawn from specific instances, as exemplified by Hamlet's Grave Digger scene. Lastly, the application of archetypal interpretation to Indian seasonal grids demonstrates how traditional themes can be used to derive meaning from poetry, showcasing the richness and universality of literary analysis across cultural contexts. Together, these approaches underscore the dynamic and interdisciplinary nature of literary criticism, enhancing our appreciation of literature's significance and relevance to human culture and thought.

Trends and movements

 TRENDS AND MOVEMENTS IN AMERICAN LITRATURE 

Hello everyone....

This blog based on thinking activity on the topic TRENDS AND MOVEMENTS IN LITRATURE assigned by megha ma'am. In which I'm going to discuss about different movements, like modernism, postmodernism, absurdism, surrealism and so on. 

# Introduction to Trends and movements :- 

The 20th century witnessed a kaleidoscope of artistic and cultural movements that transformed the creative landscape, challenging established norms and ushering in new ways of expression. The Expressionist movement, arising in the early 1900s, rejected realistic representation in favor of capturing raw human emotion, particularly in response to societal upheavals. Surrealism, emerging amidst the post-World War I disillusionment, delved into the subconscious, employing dreamlike imagery and nonlinear narratives to challenge conventional reality. Postmodernism, a later development, shattered grand narratives and embraced fragmentation, permeating literature and culture with skepticism toward absolute truths. Meanwhile, the avant-garde movement, beginning in the late 19th century and extending into the 20th century, encompassed a diverse range of disciplines, from literature to visual arts, challenging established norms and propelling culture into uncharted territories. Together, these movements reflect a century marked by a relentless pursuit of innovation, questioning, and redefining the very essence of artistic and cultural expression.

• Modernism:- 

Modernism, a groundbreaking movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, shook the foundations of traditional art, literature, and society. Rejecting old ways, modernists sought to reflect the complexities of a rapidly changing world. They rebelled against established norms in art, literature, and society, pushing boundaries and exploring new forms of expression. Themes of alienation, isolation, and the impacts of industrialization and urbanization pervaded their work, reflecting the disorienting effects of modern life. Modernists challenged tradition, questioning long-held beliefs and embracing the tumultuous changes of their time with a spirit of experimentation and innovation.

Characteristics:- 

Modernists were rebels in every sense, challenging old ideas across art, literature, and society as the world around them rapidly changed. They aimed to redefine what art was all about, diving deep into themes like feeling disconnected from society and the impacts of rapid urban growth and industry. They ditched traditional storytelling and poetry for more experimental styles like fractured narratives and stream-of-consciousness writing, and they embraced abstract art and unconventional music structures. Think of James Joyce's "Ulysses" or Virginia Woolf's "Mrs. Dalloway" as prime examples of this new way of thinking in literature. In art, names like Picasso come to mind, shaking up the traditional ways of painting and sculpting. So, modernists were like the cool kids who broke all the rules and made everyone see things in a whole new light.

• Stream of consciousness:- 

Imagine you're inside someone's head, hearing all their thoughts and feelings just as they come, unfiltered and jumbled up. Well, that's what "stream of consciousness" is all about! It's like a big messy river of thoughts flowing through a character's mind in a story. Instead of neat and tidy sentences, you get all the raw and real stuff: thoughts jumping around, ideas half-formed, and emotions swirling in a big mix. This way of writing makes it feel like you're right there with the character, experiencing everything they do, just as they do. And guess what? This idea didn't just pop out of nowhere; it actually comes from psychology! A guy named William James talked about how our minds work like a constant stream of thoughts, feelings, and sensations, always flowing and changing. So, when you read a book or a story that uses stream of consciousness, it's like taking a trip inside someone's head, chaos and all!

Example:

Like there are some examples such as, when there's spread of absurd or humorous memes sometimes reflects a collective need for release or a form of social commentary within a specific moment. Movements like #MeToo or #Black Lives Matter have a chaotic and multifaceted nature reflecting deep-seated social and emotional tensions brought to the surface.

• Expressionism :- 

Expressionism, a dynamic artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in Germany, revolutionized the way artists portrayed the world around them. Unlike traditional art forms that sought to depict reality objectively, Expressionist artists delved into the depths of human emotion, capturing raw feelings and inner turmoil. By prioritizing subjective experiences over external appearances, Expressionists shattered conventional artistic norms and unleashed a wave of creativity that reverberated across multiple mediums.

At the heart of Expressionism lay a profound emphasis on the artist's inner world and their unique perception of reality. Instead of faithfully reproducing the physical world, Expressionist painters and sculptors aimed to convey intense emotions such as fear, anxiety, and isolation. Through exaggerated forms, distorted shapes, and vivid, unnatural colors, they sought to evoke visceral responses from viewers, inviting them to explore the complexities of the human psyche.

The social upheaval and cultural turbulence of the time provided fertile ground for the growth of Expressionism. As society grappled with rapid changes and existential uncertainties, Expressionist artists became conduits for collective anxieties and fears. Their works served as powerful reflections of the prevailing mood, offering glimpses into the innermost struggles of individuals in a rapidly evolving world.

Expressionism transcended the boundaries of traditional art forms, permeating diverse fields including literature, drama,architecture, music, and film. In literature and drama, Expressionist writers delved into themes of alienation, madness, and existential dread, crafting narratives that mirrored the disquieting realities of contemporary society. In architecture, Expressionist designs eschewed conventional symmetry and harmony in favor of jagged lines and stark contrasts, reflecting the fragmented nature of human experience. In music, composers experimented with dissonance and discord, creating haunting melodies that mirrored the emotional turbulence of the era. Even in film, Expressionist directors employed innovative techniques such as chiaroscuro lighting and surreal set designs to immerse audiences in worlds of psychological intensity and existential angst.

Expressionism stands as a testament to the transformative power of art in times of profound social and cultural change. By daring to delve into the depths of human emotion and embracing subjective experiences, Expressionist artists unleashed a wave of creativity that reshaped the artistic landscape and left an indelible mark on the collective consciousness. Through their bold experimentation and unbridled passion, Expressionists challenged societal norms, expanded the boundaries of artistic expression, and forever altered the way we perceive and engage with the world around us.

• Absurdism :- 

Absurdism grapples with the profound conflict between humanity's innate desire for meaning, order, and purpose, and the stark reality of an indifferent and inherently meaningless universe.

In the realm of literature, Absurdist works serve as compelling explorations of the human condition, showcasing characters who are perpetually adrift in a sea of existential uncertainty. These characters confront profound questions about the futility of existence, the inevitability of death, and the elusive nature of truth and meaning. Rather than adhering to traditional narrative structures, Absurdist plots often unfold in a disjointed and non-linear fashion, characterized by surreal and illogical sequences that mirror the chaotic absurdity of life itself.

Humor and irony play integral roles in Absurdist literature, serving as powerful tools for highlighting the absurdity inherent in the human condition. Through the lens of satire and wit, Absurdist authors expose the irrationality of societal norms and institutions, inviting readers to question the validity of conventional wisdom and the pursuit of absolute truth.

Some of the most renowned works of Absurdist literature include Albert Camus' "The Stranger," which follows the detached and apathetic protagonist Meursault as he grapples with the meaningless of existence and the absurdity of human conventions. Franz Kafka's "The Trial" presents a surreal and Kafkaesque portrayal of a man caught in a labyrinthine legal system that defies logic and reason. Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot" unfolds as a tragicomic exploration of the human condition, as two characters wait endlessly for a figure who may never arrive, prompting profound reflections on the nature of hope and despair. Joseph Heller's "Catch-22" satirizes the absurdity of war and bureaucracy, exposing the inherent contradictions and paradoxes that govern human behavior.

In the realm of philosophy, Absurdism offers a radical perspective on the nature of existence and the human quest for meaning. Influential thinkers such as Albert Camus and Friedrich Nietzsche argue that the pursuit of absolute meaning in an inherently meaningless universe is an exercise in futility. Instead, they advocate for embracing the absurdity of existence and finding meaning in the very act of rebellion against the absurdity of the human condition.

• Surrealism :- 

Surrealism, an influential cultural and literary movement that sought to liberate the creative spirit from the constraints of rational thought, unleashing a torrent of imagination, dreams, and subconscious desires. With roots in the aftermath of World War I and a response to the societal upheavals and advancements in psychology, Surrealism profoundly influenced not only the arts but also cultural perceptions of reality and the human psyche.

Culturally, Surrealism challenged traditional notions of reality, prompting a reevaluation of the boundaries between the conscious and unconscious realms. Artists, writers, and thinkers sought to tap into the deeper recesses of the mind, exploring the irrational, fantastical, and even absurd aspects of human experience. Surrealist visual art, characterized by dreamlike landscapes, bizarre juxtapositions, and distorted forms, aimed to transcend the limitations of everyday perception. Salvador Dalí's melting clocks in "The Persistence of Memory" or René Magritte's unsettling imagery in "The Son of Man" are iconic examples that blur the lines between reality and imagination.

Beyond the canvas, Surrealism infiltrated photography, film, and fashion, encouraging artists to experiment with unconventional techniques and perspectives. Surrealist films, such as Luis Buñuel's "Un Chien Andalou," employed disjointed narratives and provocative imagery to challenge the audience's understanding of linear storytelling and conventional reality. In fashion, designers like Elsa Schiaparelli collaborated with Surrealist artists like Salvador Dalí, creating garments that defied traditional expectations and played with the boundaries of the wearable and the fantastical.

In literature, Surrealism found fertile ground for exploration, with writers delving into the realms of the subconscious and the dreamlike. André Breton, a leading figure in the Surrealist movement, articulated the principles of Surrealist writing in his "Manifesto of Surrealism." Surrealist literature often embraced automatic writing, a technique that involved spontaneous and unfiltered expression to tap into the hidden recesses of the mind. This approach aimed to bypass the conscious mind's censorship, allowing for the free flow of ideas and images.

Notable Surrealist literary works include the poetic prose of Paul Éluard, the whimsical narratives of Max Ernst, and the enigmatic writings of Salvador Dalí. The movement also inspired novelists like Franz Kafka, whose surreal and nightmarish tales, such as "The Metamorphosis" and "The Trial," exemplify the blurring of reality and fantasy, challenging readers to confront the absurdity of existence.

Surrealism's impact extended beyond the realm of the arts, influencing philosophical thought and psychological theory. Surrealist ideas infiltrated the works of thinkers like Carl Jung, who explored the collective unconscious, and Michel Foucault, who delved into the relationship between madness and reason.

Surrealism's enduring legacy lies in its ability to remind us that reality is not always what it seems, inviting us to explore the boundless landscapes of imagination and the subconscious mind.

• Postmodernism :- 

Postmodernism, a complex and multifaceted cultural and literary movement that represents a departure from traditional norms and a reevaluation of established structures in both artistic expression and societal values. Characterized by a skepticism toward grand narratives, a rejection of absolute truths, and a celebration of fragmentation, postmodernism has profoundly impacted literature and culture, challenging preconceived notions and inviting a diverse array of voices and perspectives.

In literature, postmodernism seeks to deconstruct and subvert traditional storytelling conventions, blurring the boundaries between high and low culture, fiction and reality. Authors employ metafiction, intertextuality, and pastiche to create narratives that reflect the complexity and ambiguity of contemporary existence. Postmodern novels often challenge the authority of the author, inviting readers to actively engage in the construction of meaning.

One prominent example of postmodern literature is Italo Calvino's "If on a winter's night a traveler," which playfully explores the act of reading itself, incorporating multiple narratives that disrupt traditional linear storytelling. Similarly, in the realm of American literature, Thomas Pynchon's "The Crying of Lot 49" weaves a web of conspiracy theories and cultural references, challenging readers to question the nature of reality and the reliability of information.

Postmodernism extends its influence beyond literature, permeating various aspects of culture, including art, architecture, film, and popular media. In art, postmodern artists reject the notion of an overarching style, embracing eclecticism and juxtaposing diverse influences. The works of artists like Jean-Michel Basquiat and Cindy Sherman challenge traditional aesthetic boundaries and question established norms in the art world.

In architecture, postmodernism rejects the strictures of modernist design, embracing a playful mix of historical styles and cultural references. Pioneering architects like Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown challenge the idea of a singular, universal design language, advocating for diversity and context-aware approaches.

Postmodernism's impact on film is evident in the works of directors like Quentin Tarantino, who employs nonlinear storytelling, pastiche, and intertextuality in films like "Pulp Fiction." The blurring of genres and the deconstruction of cinematic conventions reflect postmodernism's influence on storytelling in the visual medium.

In popular media and advertising, postmodernism thrives on irony, self-awareness, and the appropriation of cultural symbols. Advertisements often playfully subvert traditional messages, while television shows like "The Simpsons" deconstruct the sitcom genre, offering a self-reflexive commentary on contemporary culture.

However, postmodernism has also faced criticism for its potential to foster relativism and a sense of nihilism, as the rejection of overarching truths can lead to a fragmented and disorienting cultural landscape.

• Modernism:- 

Modernism was a period of radical change and a deliberate turning away from traditional ways of thinking and creating.

Modernists broke away from conventional forms in art, literature, and architecture. They experimented with new styles, techniques, and perspectives. The focus shifted from the external world to the individual's inner experience, leading to stream of consciousness.

Modernists moved away from realistic depictions of the world, favoring more abstract and symbolic representations.

# Diffrance between Modernism and Postmodernism:- 

• Comedy of Menace :- 

The "comedy of menace" is a genre of plays characterized by a unique blend of humor and suspense. The term was first coined by drama critic Irving Wardle in 1958, inspired by the subtitle of David Campton's play "The Lunatic View: A Comedy of Menace."

These plays weave elements of humor, often through absurd situations or witty dialogue, alongside an underlying sense of danger and menace.

The genre is most commonly associated with the works of playwright Harold Pinter, whose plays like "The Birthday Party" and "The Caretaker" are prime examples.

• The avant-garde movement :- 

The avant-garde movement, a revolutionary and forward-thinking cultural phenomenon that gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, redefined the boundaries of artistic expression and cultural norms. Originating from the French term for "advance guard," the avant-garde sought to break away from established conventions, challenging traditional artistic, literary, and societal norms to propel culture into uncharted territories.

In literature, the avant-garde movement emerged as a bold departure from conventional storytelling and narrative structures. Authors associated with this movement sought to disrupt linear narratives and experiment with innovative techniques, often pushing the boundaries of language itself. The Russian Futurist movement, led by poets like Vladimir Mayakovsky, embraced the dynamism of modern life and experimented with visual poetry, sound patterns, and unconventional language to capture the essence of a rapidly changing world. Similarly, the Dada movement, with figures like Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball, rejected reason and coherence, producing nonsensical and fragmented works that defied traditional understanding.

One of the most iconic avant-garde literary works is James Joyce's "Ulysses," which employed stream-of-consciousness narration and non-linear storytelling, challenging readers to actively engage with the narrative structure. The Surrealist movement, led by André Breton, furthered the avant-garde agenda by exploring the realms of the subconscious through automatic writing and dreamlike narratives.

The avant-garde movement transcended the boundaries of literature, leaving an indelible mark on various cultural expressions. In the visual arts, artists like Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp shattered traditional notions of representation, introducing Cubism and conceptual art. In music, avant-garde composers such as Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg rejected tonal conventions, experimenting with dissonance and atonality to evoke new emotional landscapes.

Avant-garde cinema, exemplified by the works of filmmakers like Sergei Eisenstein and Luis Buñuel, challenged narrative conventions and experimented with montage and surrealistic imagery. The anti-establishment ethos of the avant-garde found expression in political activism, particularly during the 1960s counterculture movements, where artists and activists sought to disrupt societal norms and challenge oppressive structures.

The avant-garde movement's impact extended into architecture, with visionary architects like Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright embracing modernist principles and innovative design concepts. Avant-garde movements also played a significant role in dance, theater, and performance art, with figures like Merce Cunningham and Yoko Ono pushing the boundaries of artistic expression.

However, the avant-garde movement was not without its challenges and criticisms. Its often-radical departure from established norms and its rejection of accessibility led to accusations of elitism and alienation from broader audiences.

# Conclusion:- 

In the tapestry of human creativity and expression, the diverse array of literary and cultural movements, from Expressionism to Surrealism, Absurdism to Postmodernism, and the avant-garde, collectively demonstrate the ceaseless evolution of artistic exploration and innovation. Each movement, with its unique ethos and methods, has contributed to the rich tapestry of human experience, challenging established norms, questioning prevailing ideologies, and inviting audiences to engage with the world in new and thought-provoking ways. Despite their differences, these movements share a common thread of pushing boundaries, breaking barriers, and redefining the limits of what is possible in art and culture. Together, they underscore the profound impact of creative expression in shaping our understanding of ourselves, our societies, and the world around us, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to inspire and provoke generations to come.

Thank you so much for reading....

Have a great time.

EXISTENTIALISM

 

Hello everyone....

This blog based on flipped learning activity, assigned by Dilip sir Barad. In which I'm going to discuss what is flipped learning and lateron about the videos I have watched and the ideas I inspired by and a video I liked the most , learning outcome and also few questions that I have. 

What is flipped learning? 

Flipped Learning is a pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves from the group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group pace is transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter.

For more (click hear).

In the first video: 

Individuality, passion, and freedom are three side of the triangle. Among them our idea of existence is lied.

In the second video: 

When you #think, then you find #absurdity. Thinking is the basic thing.

In third video: 

Like suicide God changes with the man.

In the fourth video:

Dadaism is the movement that questioned the value whereas, Existentialism is making you aware who you are. 

In the fifth video: 

Choice is everything. One should do choice of their own. 

In the sixth video:  

Existentialism is all about making the meanings in the life.

In the seventh video:

When we need human perspective to look at human condition not divine perspective. 

In the eighth video:

Individuality is at the centre and that creates space for choice. 

In the ninth video:

Existentialism is about honesty to look at the absurdity and accept it.

In tenth video: 

Among all these videos I personally like the video number 9th, because it is applicable.

Top 10 Things You can do to Live more Existentially

#10: Question what you've been told 

#9: _Start relating to the big picture

#8: Honor life's difficult experiences

#7: Lay claim to your power in life

#6: See how free you can be 

# 5: Learn to live with passion

 #4: Inhabit the present moment

 #3: Recover the ability to play

# 2: Build responsible community

#1: Remember that you're born to a brilliant and terrifying universe.

Learning outcome:- 

Watching videos and reading resources on Existentialism has helped me understand the philosophy better. In a traditional classroom, we might not cover all the diverse aspects, but through these materials, I've gained clarity. Visual aids have been particularly helpful in grasping the concepts, and I now remember the main figures of the movement along with their images. I've also learned about related movements like Nihilism, Essentialism, and Dadaism, and how they connect to Existentialism, which has deepened my understanding even further.

 Vita and virgina 

Hello readers.....

This blog based on thinking activity assigned by Vaidehi ma'am . In which I'm going to discuss about the movie Vita and virgina, which is , in a way we can say that adaptation of the life of virgina Woolf.

Orlando is a biography written about a fictitious character, Orlando, which was inspired by Virginia's real-life friend and lover Vita Sackville-West. The story spans over 400 years where Orlando's life changes from man to woman, from century to century. Gender difference is the main focus of the story.Orlando: A Biography is one of the strangest books penned by Virginia Woolf, who lived from 1882–1941. Published in 1928, it follows the life of Orlando, born a man in Elizabethan England, who experiences a mysterious sex change at the age of 30 and stays alive for 300 years.

Here in this particular movie we can say that the kind of Virginia Woolf's and vita's relationship or we can say that during that time how Virginia has to suffer that reflects. lets have look on movie and the questions based on that. 

"Vita & Virginia" is a 2018 British biographical romantic drama film directed by Chanya Button. It depicts the love affair between socialite and author Vita Sackville-West and literary icon Virginia Woolf in the 1920s. The film stars Gemma Arterton as Vita and Elizabeth Debicki as Virginia. It explores their passionate relationship and the influence they had on each other's lives and work. 

1.  Who do you think is initiating the relationship, Vita or Virginia? Who do you think is taking advantage of this relationship? 

"Vita & Virginia" is a movie about the close friendship and love between Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf, who were both writers. The film shows how their relationship is like a dance, with each taking turns leading and following. At first, Vita is more confident and makes the first move, but Virginia is also active, writing passionate love letters and eventually leaving her husband for Vita.

As time passes, Virginia becomes more confident as her writing career grows, which sometimes makes Vita feel less important. Their roles shift – Virginia becomes more assertive while Vita supports her, causing some tension.

In the end, it's unclear who has more power or benefits more from the relationship. Both Vita and Virginia are complex, and their relationship has its ups and downs. The movie doesn't give clear answers but makes us think about love, desire, and the challenges of being in a same-sex relationship when society doesn't always accept it.

2.  Who do you think is confused about their identity Vita or Virginia? Explain with illustrations. 

According to my perspective, in the movie "Vita and Virginia," both Vita and Virginia are shown as complicated people with different backgrounds and experiences that shape who they are. It's shown that it's okay for people to see things differently and to struggle with who they are.

The movie follows Vita and Virginia's relationship, which had good times and bad times. They faced difficulties because they were different, but they also found strength and inspiration in each other. Even when things were hard, their connection was important to both of them.

"Vita and Virginia" talks about love and sadness. It shows how Vita and Virginia supported each other, even when things were difficult. The movie teaches us that everyone has their own journey in life, and there's no one right way to go through it.

3.  What is society’s thought about women and identity? Do you agree with them? If Yes then why? If no then why?

"Vita and Virginia" takes us back to a time when society had strict rules for women. Women were expected to get married, have kids, and not speak up about what they really wanted. But Vita and Virginia didn't want to do what everyone expected.

Their story shows us how women were pushed to fit into roles they didn't like. People judged them for living differently and for loving each other passionately. But Vita and Virginia didn't let others control their lives.

Their experiences teach us about the fight for women to express themselves. They challenged the rules of their time and showed that being a woman is more than just following what others say. Even if we don't agree with everything they did, their story makes us think about freedom and who we really are. 

Are we only what others say we should be, or can we choose our own path?

4.  Write a note on your observations of the society during that era.

Rather giving my opinion I would like to give my observation of society of that particular era in the movie. It shows how society in the past had strict class differences. Vita came from a wealthy family and had many advantages, while Virginia, from a poorer background, did not. Despite both being successful, they faced limitations because of society's expectations, especially as women.

It also highlights the challenges women faced back then. Even though feminism was starting to gain momentum, women were still mostly expected to stay home and raise children. Vita and Virginia had big dreams but had to deal with judgment and societal rules holding them back.The film also touches on the difficulties of being openly gay at that time. Vita and Virginia took risks by being together because society didn't accept homosexuality. Virginia, in particular, could have faced serious consequences because of her public profile.

The movie introduces us to the Bloomsbury Group, where intelligent and creative individuals gathered. This was a place where Vita and Virginia could express themselves without worrying about societal norms.It also illustrates the innovative and unconventional nature of art and writing during that period. Virginia's groundbreaking writing style and Vita's adventurous lifestyle were part of an era where people were experimenting and challenging old conventions.

We can add in a more that , the film delves into Vita's distinctive fashion sense and her influence on Virginia's famous character, Orlando. This suggests their exploration of gender roles and identity during that time."Vita & Virginia" isn't just a love story; it's a glimpse into a time when people like Vita and Virginia rebelled against societal norms and sought change.

5.  Write a note on the direction of the movie. Which symbols and space caught your attention while watching the movie?

The movie "Vita & Virginia" takes us through different stages of Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf's relationship, showing its passionate beginnings and later complexities. Director Chanya Button focuses on expressing the characters' emotions and challenges through intense close-up shots, skilled acting, and emotive music, creating a deeply personal atmosphere. Button also employs dreamlike scenes and symbolic imagery to delve into the characters' inner thoughts and feelings, adding layers of intrigue and depth.

Symbolism and Setting:

Bloomsbury Group: Scenes set in Bloomsbury gatherings represent the intellectual and social circles that shaped their lives and relationship.

Nature: Lush gardens and expansive landscapes often backdrop moments of reflection or passion, reflecting the characters' internal struggles and their connection to the natural world.

Confined spaces: The film uses cramped rooms and enclosed settings to convey feelings of confinement and the societal pressures Vita and Virginia faced, particularly regarding their gender and sexuality.

Mirrors: Mirrors feature throughout the film, potentially symbolizing introspection, self-discovery, and the intricate reflections of identities between Vita and Virginia.

Writing: Pens, papers, and typewriters appear repeatedly, symbolizing the characters' shared love for literature and the ways it both unites and divides them.

6. "Vita and Virginia" had to be made into a Bollywood Adaptation, who do you think would be fit for the role of Vita and Virginia?

Anushka Sharma: AS VITA

Anushka Sharma has portrayed as strong and independent character. She could bring depth and complexity to Vita's character, showcasing her inner conflicts and vulnerabilities.

Taapsee Pannu : AS VIRGINIA

Taapsee Pannu in a variety of roles, including those with depth and sensitivity. She could bring Virginia's intellectual depth and emotional complexity to the screen.

Thank you for reading.....

Have a great time.

War poetry

 WAR POETRY BY W.B.YEATS 

Hello everyone.....

This blog based on thinking activity on war poetry. In which I'm going to discuss about few topics like what is war poetry? What are the themes in war poetry? And w.b.yeats poems. 

• What is War Poetry ?

War poetry is poetry on the topic of war. While the term is applied especially to works of the First World War, the term can be applied to poetry about any war, including Homer's Iliad, from around the 8th century BC as well as poetry of the American Civil War, the Spanish Civil War, the Crimean War and other wars.

• What are the themes in War Poetry ? 

War poetry is not necessarily 'anti-war'. It is, however, about the very large questions of life: identity, innocence, guilt, loyalty, courage, compassion, humanity, duty, desire, death.

• W. B. Yeats :- 

William Butler Yeats (born June 13, 1865, Sandymount, Dublin, Ireland—died January 28, 1939, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France) Irish poet, dramatist, and prose writer, one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923.

William Butler Yeats

Yeats’s father, John Butler Yeats, was a barrister who eventually became a portrait painter. His mother, formerly Susan Pollexfen, was the daughter of a prosperous merchant in Sligo, in western Ireland. Through both parents Yeats (pronounced “Yates”) claimed kinship with various Anglo-Irish Protestant families who are mentioned in his work. Normally, Yeats would have been expected to identify with his Protestant tradition—which represented a powerful minority among Ireland’s predominantly Roman Catholic population—but he did not. Indeed, he was separated from both historical traditions available to him in Ireland—from the Roman Catholics, because he could not share their faith, and from the Protestants, because he felt repelled by their concern for material success. Yeats’s best hope, he felt, was to cultivate a tradition more profound than either the Catholic or the Protestant—the tradition of a hidden Ireland that existed largely in the anthropological evidence of its surviving customs, beliefs, and holy places, more pagan than Christian.

∆ His famous works :- 

His plays usually treat Irish legends; they also reflect his fascination with mysticism and spiritualism. The Countess Cathleen (1892), The Land of Heart's Desire (1894), Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902), The King's Threshold (1904), and Deirdre (1907) are among the best known.

His famous poems are : The Second Coming, The lake Isle of Innisfree , The Stolen Child , A Prayer for My Daughter , Ester 1916 , The Tower and so on.

• The Second Coming by W. B. Yeats :- 

The poem opens with a sense of chaos and upheaval in the world. Nature is out of balance, society is fracturing, and spiritual faith is waning.Yeats uses vivid and disturbing imagery to convey this sense of apocalypse. He describes "gyring" winds that tear the world apart, falconers whose center cannot hold, and a rough beast slouching towards Bethlehem. The poem explores themes of loss of faith, violence, anarchy, and the potential for a transformative, even terrifying, rebirth.

This poem, written in 1919 after World War I, talks about a world in chaos. It uses Christian ideas about the end of the world to show how things are falling apart. The poem starts by saying everything is messed up: nature is crazy, society is breaking down, and people are losing their faith.

The poet, Yeats, uses strong and scary images to show this idea of the end times. He talks about winds destroying everything, falcons losing control, and a dangerous beast heading towards Bethlehem.

People have different ideas about what the poem means. Some think it's about the specific events happening at that time, like the aftermath of the war and conflicts in Ireland. Others see it as a more general message about how history repeats itself and how big changes can happen, even if they're scary.

The poem has two parts, or stanzas, and each adds to the feeling of worry and waiting. Yeats was into mystical and mysterious stuff, and that shows in the symbols and ideas in the poem.

"The Second Coming" is a really big deal in Yeats's poetry. People still study it a lot and talk about what it means. It's got layers of meaning and keeps sparking discussions among scholars and regular readers.

• Critical evaluation:- 

Yeats's poem is renowned for its rich symbolism and prophetic tone, and the imagery you mentioned, such as the "tumbling dark" and the "rough beast," plays a crucial role in conveying the poem's apocalyptic atmosphere. The "gyring falcon" and the "slouching sphinx" add to this sense of foreboding, evoking images of ancient mysteries and imminent collapse.

The "rough beast" in Yeats's poem is often interpreted as a symbol of chaos and destruction, representing the breakdown of societal order and the onset of anarchy. However, its exact nature remains elusive, leaving room for multiple interpretations. Some see it as a manifestation of evil or malevolent forces, while others view it as a necessary agent of change, ushering in a new era or paradigm shift.

The poem's relevance to different readers is also notable in the context of Yeats's broader themes and concerns. Written in the aftermath of World War I and during a period of political upheaval and social change, "The Second Coming" reflects Yeats's anxieties about the state of the world and his uncertainty about the future. Its themes of chaos, disillusionment, and the search for meaning resonate with readers across time and culture, offering a lens through which to interpret and critique the turbulent events of the 20th century and beyond.

• Historical context :- 

"The Second Coming" was written by Yeats after World War I and the Irish Easter Rising, which had a big effect on him. It reflects his feelings about these events and how he saw the world at that time.The poem is kind of mysterious, which can be both good and bad. Some people might think that the "rough beast" and the message of the poem are too unclear or hard to understand. Also, the poem talks a lot about Yeats' own spiritual beliefs.

• Being asked for war poem:- 

Written in 1915, during the early stages of World War I. Yeats was initially supportive of the war, but quickly became disillusioned by its brutality and senselessness. The poem is a response to a request from Henry James for a patriotic poem about the war.

The poem is only six lines long, but it packs a powerful punch. Yeats argues that it is not the job of poets to glorify war, but to provide solace and beauty in times of darkness. He compares the act of writing a war poem to "meddling" in the affairs of statesmen, who are ultimately responsible for the conflict. Instead, he suggests that poets should focus on offering comfort and joy to individuals, such as a young girl or an old man.

The poem is notable for its simple yet powerful language.Yeats' use of imagery, such as the "indolence of her youth" and the "winter's night," creates a sense of peace and tranquility that is in stark contrast to the horrors of war. The poem is also ironic, as Yeats suggests that the best way to respond to war is not to fight it, but to ignore it and focus on the things that truly matter.

• Critical evaluation :- 

W.B. Yeats wrote the poem "For Being Asked for a War Poem" during World War I. He didn't want to write a patriotic war poem, like many people expected. Instead, he talked about how poets shouldn't glorify war or get involved in politics. Yeats believed that poets should focus on bringing comfort and beauty to people during dark times. He used simple words and pictures to show how peaceful moments can contrast with the chaos of war. The poem is clever because it criticizes the idea of glorifying war while suggesting that poets should focus on the little moments of joy and peace in life. Even though Yeats wrote it a long time ago, the poem still makes us think about the role of art in difficult times.

• Comparison of two poems :- 

W.B. Yeats, renowned for his profound exploration of existential themes, presents two distinct yet interconnected perspectives on the tumultuous backdrop of his era through "The Second Coming" and "For Being Asked for a War Poem." "The Second Coming," penned during the aftermath of World War I and the Irish Easter Rising, reflects Yeats's profound disillusionment and anxiety about the state of the world. The poem portrays a bleak vision of chaos and impending collapse, with powerful imagery such as the "tumbling dark" and the enigmatic "rough beast" embodying the disintegration of societal order.

Yeats's use of symbolism, drawing from mystical and apocalyptic imagery, invites interpretations ranging from the inevitability of destruction to the cyclical nature of history. In contrast, "For Being Asked for a War Poem" offers a more introspective and critical perspective on the role of poetry in times of conflict. Yeats rejects the expectation for poets to glorify war, instead advocating for their duty to provide solace and beauty amidst darkness. The poem's irony lies in its subtle critique of war glorification while championing the significance of individual moments of peace and joy. Through these poems, Yeats navigates the complexities of his era, from the chaos of war to the ethical responsibilities of artists, inviting readers to contemplate the nature of humanity, the inevitability of change, and the enduring power of art to offer solace in the face of turmoil.

• Conclusion:- 

In conclusion we can say that ,the poems "The Second Coming" and "For Being Asked for a War Poem" by W.B. Yeats show different ideas about the difficult times when they were written. "The Second Coming" talks about a scary future where society falls apart, while "For Being Asked for a War Poem" makes fun of how people sometimes praise war. These poems use different styles to talk about big ideas like what it means to be human and how poetry can help us understand the world. They show that Yeats was a clever poet who could think deeply about important things like history, society, and what it means to be alive.

Thank you so much for reading.

Have a great time. 

Greetings.